How do you manufacture magnesium oxide?

The History of Magnesia and Evolution of Magnesium Hydroxide

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Originally discovered by ancient alchemists, Magnesia has a rich global history as a medicinal ingredient, manufacturing component, and valuable raw mineral for neutralizing other elements. Its variants, including Magnesium, were much sought after in royal circles, mining operations, and apothecaries.

Magnesium is quite abundant in our solar system and on the Earth, as a core element in the planet&#;s crust as well as sea and ocean water. In the United States, it is most commonly mined in Nevada. Globally, Magnesium, in the form of Magnesite, is also mined across the world, with major deposits located in China, Europe, and Australia.

Today, Magnesium and its compounds, namely Magnesium Hydroxide, are found in pharmaceutical goods, beauty products, dietary supplements, food items, wastewater treatments, fertilizers, animal feed, and an ever-increasing number of complex technical and manufacturing processes.

Magnesium Hydroxide, chemically named Mg(OH)2, is an inorganic compound most often distributed in powdered or slurry form. It can be produced using three key methodologies: its natural occurrence as the mineral Brucite, through the hydration of Magnesium Oxide, and through precipitation of seawater or brine.

Examining Brucite as a Natural Source of Magnesium Hydroxide

Brucite was discovered in in New Jersey as a tabular crystal of blue/green hue. As a naturally occurring compound, it must be located and mined, which can be a disincentive compared to less expensive and more convenient synthetic alternatives. Based on current mineral maps, the largest known deposits of brucite ore exist in China and eastern Russia.

Natural brucite is the rarest type of magnesium hydroxide due to the issues regarding access and cost, but brucite ore also has several notable benefits, including high magnesium percentage compared to other available raw materials, reduced manufacturing time, and zero carbon dioxide content, which can contribute to climate change when it is released during mineral processing.

Synthetic Manufacturing of Magnesium Hydroxide through Brine or Seawater Precipitation

A more common way, accounting for approximately 60% of the global supply of Magnesium Hydroxide, is precipitating the solution from a combination of seawater or brine and lime (or Calcium Oxide). This method was first undertaken in 19th century France and has since been perfected by the largest global synthetic producers: China, Israel, and the United States - specifically California, Michigan, Delaware, and Utah.

Both brine and seawater must be manually gathered, often in a constructed sump cavern. Seawater can vary in consistency, containing a variety of organic compounds that can complicate the precipitation stage. Brine originating in a well or a lake can also differ depending on the chemistry of surrounding rocks and other geographical formations. These initial materials will need to be purified to ensure the ideal composition prior to mixing.

In addition, this process, completed in a series of agitating reactors and supplemented with washing and filtration, has very specific temperature, time, and pressure requirements, which ultimately impact the quality of the resulting Magnesium Hydroxide. Because of these variables, the final product requires significant testing to ensure the meeting of quality and purity standards.

Hydration of Magnesium Oxide to Create Magnesium Hydroxide

A final option for crafting Magnesium Hydroxide is through the hydration of Magnesium Oxide. Magnesium Carbonate (Magnesite) is calcined at high temperatures, losing over 50% of weight to CO2, to produce Magnesium Oxide (MgO).

Creating Magnesium Hydroxide involves adding water (H2O) to Magnesium Oxide, often in an agitation tank to accelerate the reaction, which is exothermic (heat producing) and must be cooled.

This is the preferred procedure to create Magnesium Hydroxide slurry, though the end product must be diligently monitored for both viscosity and solids content as well as particle size.

The Garrison Minerals Difference

Garrison Minerals has the expertise and industry network to procure Magnesium Hydroxide utilizing all three methodologies: the mining of naturally occurring Brucite or Brucite Ore, the precipitation of brine or seawater, and the hydration of Magnesium Oxide.

Meishen supply professional and honest service.

All other Magnesium Hydroxide suppliers in the market today typically only pursue a single methodology, two at most, where Garrison Minerals actively and successfully supplies Mg(OH)2 in all three ways &#; guaranteed to find the technique that will fit your organization&#;s budget, production timeline, and quality and sourcing standards. Combined with superior customer service, material knowledge, logistics and project management, Garrison Minerals will find your ideal solution.

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To learn more about these methods and the supply process, contact Garrison Minerals and speak directly with a Magnesium Hydroxide consultant.

Chemical compound naturally occurring as periclase

Chemical compound

Magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesia, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium (see also oxide). It has an empirical formula of MgO and consists of a lattice of Mg2+ ions and O2&#; ions held together by ionic bonding. Magnesium hydroxide forms in the presence of water (MgO + H2O &#; Mg(OH)2), but it can be reversed by heating it to remove moisture.

Magnesium oxide was historically known as magnesia alba (literally, the white mineral from Magnesia), to differentiate it from magnesia nigra, a black mineral containing what is now known as manganese.

Related oxides

While "magnesium oxide" normally refers to MgO, the compound magnesium peroxide MgO2 is also known. According to evolutionary crystal structure prediction,[11] MgO2 is thermodynamically stable at pressures above 116 GPa (gigapascals), and a semiconducting suboxide Mg3O2 is thermodynamically stable above 500 GPa. Because of its stability, MgO is used as a model system for investigating vibrational properties of crystals.[12]

Electric properties

Pure MgO is not conductive and has a high resistance to electric current at room temperature. The pure powder of MgO has a relative permittivity inbetween 3.2 to 9.9 k {\displaystyle k} with an approximate dielectric loss of tan(δ) > 2.16x103 at 1kHz.[5][6][7]

Production

Magnesium oxide is produced by the calcination of magnesium carbonate or magnesium hydroxide. The latter is obtained by the treatment of magnesium chloride MgCl
2 solutions, typically seawater, with limewater or milk of lime.[13]

Mg2+ + Ca(OH)2 &#; Mg(OH)2 + Ca2+

Calcining at different temperatures produces magnesium oxide of different reactivity. High temperatures &#;  °C diminish the available surface area and produces dead-burned (often called dead burnt) magnesia, an unreactive form used as a refractory. Calcining temperatures &#;  °C produce hard-burned magnesia, which has limited reactivity and calcining at lower temperature, (700&#; °C) produces light-burned magnesia, a reactive form, also known as caustic calcined magnesia. Although some decomposition of the carbonate to oxide occurs at temperatures below 700 °C, the resulting materials appear to reabsorb carbon dioxide from the air.[citation needed]

Applications

Refractory insulator

MgO is prized as a refractory material, i.e. a solid that is physically and chemically stable at high temperatures. It has the useful attributes of high thermal conductivity and low electrical conductivity. According to a reference book:[14]

By far the largest consumer of magnesia worldwide is the refractory industry, which consumed about 56% of the magnesia in the United States in , the remaining 44% being used in agricultural, chemical, construction, environmental, and other industrial applications.

MgO is used as a refractory material for crucibles. It is also used as an insulator in heat-resistant electrical cable.

Biomedical

Among metal oxide nanoparticles, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) have distinct physicochemical and biological properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, high bioactivity, significant antibacterial properties, and good mechanical properties, which make it a good choice as a reinforcement in composites. [15]

Heating elements

It is used extensively as an electrical insulator in tubular construction heating elements as in electric stove and cooktop heating elements. There are several mesh sizes available and most commonly used ones are 40 and 80 mesh per the American Foundry Society. The extensive use is due to its high dielectric strength and average thermal conductivity. MgO is usually crushed and compacted with minimal airgaps or voids.

Cement

MgO is one of the components in Portland cement in dry process plants.

Sorel cement uses MgO as the main component in combination with MgCl2 and water.

Fertilizer

MgO has an important place as a commercial plant fertilizer[16] and as animal feed.[17]

Fireproofing

It is a principal fireproofing ingredient in construction materials. As a construction material, magnesium oxide wallboards have several attractive characteristics: fire resistance, termite resistance, moisture resistance, mold and mildew resistance, and strength, but also a severe downside as it attracts moisture and can cause moisture damage to surrounding materials [18][14][1]

Medical

Magnesium oxide is used for relief of heartburn and indigestion, as an antacid, magnesium supplement, and as a short-term laxative. It is also used to improve symptoms of indigestion. Side effects of magnesium oxide may include nausea and cramping.[19] In quantities sufficient to obtain a laxative effect, side effects of long-term use may rarely cause enteroliths to form, resulting in bowel obstruction.[20]

Waste treatment

Magnesium oxide is used extensively in the soil and groundwater remediation, wastewater treatment, drinking water treatment, air emissions treatment, and waste treatment industries for its acid buffering capacity and related effectiveness in stabilizing dissolved heavy metal species.[according to whom?]

Many heavy metals species, such as lead and cadmium, are least soluble in water at mildly basic conditions (pH in the range 8&#;11). Solubility of metals increases their undesired bioavailability and mobility in soil and groundwater. Granular MgO is often blended into metals-contaminating soil or waste material, which is also commonly of a low pH (acidic), in order to drive the pH into the 8&#;10 range. Metal-hydroxide complexes tend to precipitate out of aqueous solution in the pH range of 8&#;10.

MgO is packed in bags around transuranic waste in the disposal cells (panels) at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, as a CO2 getter to minimize the complexation of uranium and other actinides by carbonate ions and so to limit the solubility of radionuclides. The use of MgO is preferred over CaO since the resulting hydration product (Mg(OH)
2) is less soluble and releases less hydration heat. Another advantage is to impose a lower pH value (about 10.5) in case of accidental water ingress into the dry salt layers, in contast to the more soluble Ca(OH)
2 which would create a higher pH of 12.5 (strongly alkaline conditions). The Mg2+
cation being the second most abundant cation in seawater and in rocksalt, the potential release of magnesium ions dissolving in brines intruding the deep geological repository is also expected to minimize the geochemical disruption.[21]

Niche uses

Historical uses

• It was historically used as a reference white color in colorimetry, owing to its good diffusing and reflectivity properties.

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  It may be smoked onto the surface of an opaque material to form an integrating sphere.
• Early gas mantle designs for lighting, such as the Clamond basket, consisted mainly of magnesium oxide.

Precautions

Inhalation of magnesium oxide fumes can cause metal fume fever.[33]

See also

• Calcium oxide &#; Chemical compound of calcium
• Barium oxide &#; Chemical compound used in cathode ray tubes
• Calcium silicate &#; Chemical compound naturally occurring as the mineral larnite
• Magnesium sulfide &#; Inorganic compound generated in the production of metallic iron
• Reactive magnesia &#; chemical compound

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Notes

References

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