In the hot metal desulphurization process, Carmeuse offers fluid milled lime or blends to be injected into the hot metal through an immersed lance using an inert carrier gas such as argon or nitrogen. Since desulphurization is a diffusion-controlled reaction and related to the reactive surface area available for reaction, the lime must be as fine as possible and very flowable. Recent studies indicate the use of advanced computational models to optimize the injection process, enhancing sulfur removal efficiency.

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Desulfurization in Steelmaking

Steelmaking involves two sequential processes: an oxidation process in the furnace, followed by a reduction (refinement) process in the ladle. Ladle metallurgy aims at achieving objectives like homogenization, vacuum degassing, deoxidation, temperature adjustment, alloying, and refining, including desulfurization. Proper slag formation and control during secondary steelmaking in ladles are crucial for producing high-quality steel. Recently, innovations in ladle design and process automation have significantly improved desulfurization outcomes.

Sulfur is a highly undesirable impurity in steel as it adversely affects its properties and quality. Therefore, desulfurization—removing sulfur from liquid steel—is essential, primarily achieved during secondary steelmaking in ladles. Numerous recent patents focus on enhancing desulfurization techniques to improve steel quality.

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• Capacity/potential of the slag for sulfur removal
• Steel-slag reaction dynamics
• Oxidation state of the steel/slag
• Slag basicity, amount, and viscosity
• Temperature control

Desulfurization occurs in two main ways: through the rising interaction of liquid slag particles with molten steel and the interaction of accumulated top slag with molten steel. Advanced sensor technologies are now being used to monitor and control these interactions in real-time, further optimizing the desulfurization process.

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