May. 13, 2024
Measurement Instruments
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Power Quality Monitoring has several advantages, like enhancing performance and quality. A PQM System will gather, examine, and interpret raw energy measurement data into useful information. A typical monitoring system measures voltage and electric current, but the ground quality might also be measured if dispersed loads or harmonics are found. There are a number of various reasons to use power quality monitoring. It helps manufacturing plants in energy management, preventative maintenance, quality control and thus saving money in the long run. Today, many end users have telecommunications or computer equipment that does not utilize PQM. This makes them susceptible to power quality problems. If you understand the implications of power fluctuations then you will realize the importance of power quality monitoring.
It is projected that power outages account for up to 40 percent of all business downtime. To monitor their power, modern power plants use digital error recorders, smart relays, voltage recorders, in-plant power monitors, and specific purpose power quality equipment. Consumers of power, such as buildings and factories use power quality meters from manufacturers such as MachineSense to prevent equipment damage and fire.
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MachineSenseTM Power Analyzer toroids are placed directly on incoming power lines to automatically monitor power conditions and detect power anomalies. The sensor data transmits through a self-contained data hub directly to your router and onto cloud-based servers running powerful analytic software. Results are then transmitted from the server to either a desktop or user friendly app where you will view power conditions with helpful advice to correct power anomalies.
Individual Waveform Capture – Allowing engineers and executives to track slowly changing variation in electrical waveforms to root out the cause of mechanical failures well before they happen which can be isolated, recorded and graphically displayed while using the Acuvim IIW.
Power Quality Monitoring provides an analysis of non-linear loads connected to the distribution system, all of which affect electrical frequencies and cause problems such as misfiring, over-heating and voltage spikes. Individual harmonic measurement can be read on all of the MachineSense power quality meters.
Voltage Sags and Swells are a decrease and increase in voltage over a brief time. Voltage sags are the most typical events that lead to affect the quality of energy and are usually the most pricey. They affect gear which range from PLCs, relays, controllers and everything else. When the sag happens, the power source within the device overcompensates which when the sag is reduced enough can harm the internal circuits of the device causing malfunctions.
Though these are generally blamed on the utility company, the reality is that these are usually caused inside the site or building and includes grounding, bonding, and other problems or from powering different equipment through the same power supply.
The deviation of the frequency at which electric current is supplied may confuse logic systems and affect the operating speed of machinery. These deviations in frequency can be effectively monitored using any MachineSense Power Quality Meter.
The ratio of the real power flowing to the load that it can be used for; this 0-1 figure is a most accurate depiction of how viable the electricity supplied is. Low power factor ( usually called “dirty power” ) affects devices and causes inefficiencies in their functioning. All of the MachineSense power quality meters allow users to keep track of this ratio and users can track the historical power factor.
An effective Power Quality Audit using MachineSense power quality monitoring systems can be achieved using MachineSense Power Quality Meters as a permanently installed power quality meter for proactive and comprehensive power quality measurement. The meter can be read remotely via our proprietary cloud-based software and app.
Electrical power runs almost every machinery in the world. As clean unadulterated food is important for the healthy lifestyle of human beings, machines need clean power for longevity and uninterrupted operations. Therefore, high-quality power is absolutely required for the successful operation of the factories and the buildings. IEEE 1159 standard defines the international standard for clean power by limiting the maximum limits allowed for over/under voltage/current conditions, Sag/Swell, poor grounding/earthing, level of different current and voltage harmonics, etc. Power distribution companies maintain this standard while feeding to the transformers at the input to the factories and the buildings. However, power distribution inside the factory or the building may not comply with IEEE 1159 standards since within the factories/buildings power quality degrades due to uneven tapping of single-phase load from 3-phase lines, DC loads like LEDs, UPS, Mobile/Laptop charges, etc. Poor quality is not only responsible for immature death/downtime of the machines/controllers, it also threatens basic fire safety issues since power surges or imbalance may lead to the burning of the wires. In addition, harmonic contents of the power are normally wasted and thus contribute to energy inefficiencies.
Power Quality Meters have wide range of applications - most notable among them are:
Power Quality analyzer has one hardware and 4 software components.
IEEE 1159 -1995 defines the power quality issues that have to be monitored in any Industrial or commercial operation. This includes approximately 37 different kinds of issues but overwhelmingly only a handful of them occur frequently in any manufacturing or building set-up. Most common occurring issues in power quality are:
Poor power quality may lead to a fire in many ways and is responsible for 85% of the fire in the buildings.
All kinds of equipment barring old-style Tungsten lamps are prone to damage due to power quality.
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There are several power quality standards but IEEE 1159 is the most commonly followed standard worldwide. IEEE 1159-2019 is the latest which has superseded 1159-2009. For more details, please check
https://standards.ieee.org/standard/1159-2019.html
The following developments in the power sector played a tremendous role on power quality:
Total loss of United States GDP due to 1,2,3 are more than $45.7B a year (https://energycollection.us/Energy-Reliability/Cost-Power-Disturbances.pdf). However, the problem of power quality is very often ignored since it is not monitored. Most of the time end-users get aware of it only when they see frequent breakdowns of the machines or fire coming out of the wires. Waiting for such a long time to know the building has poor power quality is dangerous for the safety of the inhabitants of the buildings as well as utility machines.
The solution to Power Quality problems that have resulted from 1,2,3 are well recorded and recommended in ISA ( International Society of Automation: https://www.isa.org/about-isa/ ). However, to provide ISA compliant clean power to every building and plant, that are already suffering from poor power quality (1-3), one needs a system that:
The commercial challenge for 1 includes cost-effective hardware and cloud platform ( IoT or Cyber-Physical System ) that is affordable by building and plant management. That problem has been solved by MachineSense LLC by using state of the art System on Chips ( SoC), single-board computer like Raspberry Pi and Open Sourced software.
However, the commercial challenge for 2 is far more difficult and critical. As shown in the paper (https://cdn.selinc.com/assets/Literature/Publications/Technical%20Papers/6303_TodaysEngineeringShortage_JP_20071026_Web.pdf?v=20151202-215825), the US now produces only 500 engineers ( reduced from 2000) annually who are capable of such power diagnosis. There are hardly 50,000 power engineers active in the US. It is impossible for 50,000 engineers to address the power quality issues of 13M US buildings ( office, hospitals, plants, etc. ) even if all data to solve the problems are available.
Power Quality Analyzers had a wide range of applications - most notable among them are:
The ability to quantify energy use is critical for your facility and your team. Monitoring power consumption of your plant provides you with the data needed to make important energy management decisions.
Why monitor power consumption with a power logger?
Preparing to perform a load study using the Fluke 1746 Power Logger.
Electricians are often required to conduct a load study before adding a new electrical load to an existing panel or service. Why? The requirements come from the electrical Inspector, the electrical engineer who designed the project, or the customer adding the new load and the reason is to determine if there is enough capacity to add new loads.
A load study involves using a power logger to document existing load levels (three-phase current draw) over time. That’s where safety comes in. On the positive side, a load study can be used to ensure adherence to local safety regulations. On the negative side, failure to perform a loads study before adding new loads can result in overloading an existing electrical source, creating electrical safety and reliability hazards.
While energy expenditures are a significant portion of overall operational cost, many companies don’t really know where their energy dollars are being spent, since all they get is one overall monthly bill, with no indication of whether that use was standard or excessive compared to operations that month.
By logging power use at the main service entrance and then at large loads and secondary supplies, facilities can see how much power is being used when, by what, and at what hourly cost. Without fail, the data will turn up several energy wastes that can be rectified by operational changes alone, such as turning off certain loads, reducing loads during peak rate periods, or adjusting the schedule so that loads operate during non-peak rate periods.
Owners of large and medium sized facilities often install electrical sub metering to bill tenants for their specific electricity usage. However, these sub meters are commonly installed improperly, putting that billing into question. Installation issues vary, from current transducers installed backwards, current transducers on the wrong phase, and errors in configuring the sub meter.
A good business practice is to double check the reading with a portable energy logger. Logger data provides a rough order of magnitude comparison of what is being billed versus what is used. A significant deviation between the amount charged for electricity usage and the logger data would signal the need to investigate the sub meter setup.
Utility companies offer incentives and retables to encourage their customers to decrease energy sue. The goal is to service more customers with the same existing power supply, since building new power generation plans is prohibitive. Many incentives and rebates are available for retrofitting existing buildings, such as energy efficient lighting and high-efficiency motors, as well as replacing motor starters with variable frequency drives.
To receive the financial incentive, the utility company will often require verification of the energy savings—an ideal scenario for a load study. A pre-retrofit load study will document the existing energy use to provide baseline data, while a post-retrofit load study verifies the energy saving achieved upon completion of the modifications.
There are many times when the only way to troubleshoot a problem is to capture and analyze data over an extended period. For these advanced troubleshooting scenarios, energy loggers are invaluable—and they are much more affordable and easier to use than a more complex power analyzer.
A good example is when a circuit breaker trips randomly. Obvious events, like a large motor starting up, may not be the cause. In fact, what causes the trips might appear to be totally random or many occur when technicians are not around to observe (like the middle of the night). Because it’s impractical for a maintenance technician to monitor the load until the circuit breaker trips, connecting an energy logger to the load side of the circuit breaker to record the current draw over time can help troubleshoot the trip.
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