Major Phytochemicals: Recent Advances in Health Benefits ...

Thymus serpyllum

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L.) dust. For the extraction, 0.05 g of sample was mixed with 20 different NADES, each at a sample-to-solvent ratio of 1:20 mL/mL, and the extraction was carried out for 60 min at 50 °C in a water bath placed in a magnetic stirrer hot plate. To further aid the separation of extract from solvent, 4 mL of water was added and centrifuged at rpm for 15 min. The use of L-proline (Pro)&#;glycerin (Gly)&#;water (H2O) NADE solvent at a mixture ratio of 1:2:1 with a water content of 5.68% extracted out the highest polyphenols compared to other NADE solvents. The yield of polyphenols was 71.43 mg GAE/g when 1 g of sample was extracted using 28 g Pro-Gly-H2O solvent. Popovic et al. [

Prunus cerasus

L.) pomace using NADES. To perform the extraction, 300 mg of freeze-dried sample was mixed with 4 mL deep eutectic solvent [1:1 M choline chloride (ChCl) as HBA and malic acid, urea, or fructose as HBD] and the extraction was carried out at 50 °C for 45 min with a stirring speed of 650 rpm. The obtained extract had .32 μg/g of total phenols, .93 μg/g of total anthocyanins, 418.00 μg/g of total flavonoids, and 377.39 μg/g of total phenolic acids. Frohlich et al. [

Syzygium aromaticum

) using 99.5% ethanol. It was found in the study that extraction using a solvent-to-sample ratio of 35 mL/g at 70 °C and amplitude of 85% for 25 min gave the highest yield. This resulted in a total extract yield of 14.63%, and the yield of eugenol was 2.94 g/kg of leaves. Domínguez-Rodríguez et al. [

Prunus avium

L.) pomace. In this study, 0.38 g of sweet cherry pomace was extracted using 1 mL methanol at different pH (3&#;10), temperature (30&#;70 °C), and enzyme concentrations (1&#;120 μL/g) for 10&#;300 min. The optimized conditions were a pH of 10, a temperature of 70 °C, an enzyme concentration of 2 µL/g, and an extraction time of 18.4 min. The recovery of polyphenols at the optimized conditions was 1.1 mg GAE/g sample. Hwang et al. [

Citrus unshiu

peels. For this, 30 g of the sample was immersed in distilled water and was treated at a 5 kW pulse generator, 50 Hz pulse frequency, and 3 kV/cm electric field for 60 and 120 s at room temperature. The total yield of extract was higher in the sample treated for 120 s, and the yields of hesperidin and narirutin were 46.96 mg/100 g and 8.76 mg/100 g of the sample, respectively. Velásquez et al. [

Chilean Luma Chequen

(Molina) A. Gray berry. It was found in the study that the highest recovery of total anthocyanins (3.30 mg/g DW) was obtained for NADESs prepared using lactic acid and glucose in the ratios 8:1, followed by NADESs prepared using choline chloride: glycine (4:6) (3.30 mg/g DW), glycine: glucose (8:1) (3.06 mg/g DW) and tartaric acid: glycine (4:1) (3.03 mg/g). The anthocyanin content of extracts based on NADES was significantly higher than ethanol (1.16 mg/g DW), except for NADESs prepared using tartaric acid: glycine (1:2) (0.81 mg/g DW). Grdiša et al. [

Tanacetum cinerariifolium/Trevir. Sch. Bip

.) using maceration, UAE, and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD). A sample size of 0.25 g was used in all three extraction methods. Maceration extraction was performed using different solvents, i.e., acetone, ethanol, and ethyl acetate at different volumes, i.e., 5, 7, 9, and 11 mL, at different extraction times, i.e., 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 h, at the stirrer rotational speed of 200, 300, 400, and 500 rpm. UAE was carried out using 5 mL acetone at 50 °C for 60 min at W and 35 kHz. In MSPD, the sample was mixed with 0.50 g of florisil and 0.40 g of Na2SO4, after which florisil was activated at 160 °C and washed with n-hexane and methanol. It was then treated with solvents such as acetone and ethyl acetate at 1:1 (

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) and extracted using a solid phase extractor. It was found in the study that the highest extraction efficiency of pyrethrin was obtained in maceration (0.62%), followed by MSPD (0.59%) and UAE (0.49%). Sharma et al. [

Ficus racemosa

. The optimized conditions for the extraction were sample to water ratio of 1:15, pH of 3.5, microwave power of 360.55 W, and extraction time of 30 s. These extraction conditions resulted in the extraction of 31.19 mg/100 mL of ascorbic acid, 35.14 mg/100 mL of gallic acid, 14.06 mg/100 mL of tannic acid, 50.86 mg/100 mL of chlorogenic acid, 36.96 mg/100 mL of quercetin. Oroian et al. [

Stryphnodendron adstringens.

The extraction was carried out by adding 0.075 g of sample in 1 mL of water and heating it at 106&#;134 °C for 0.48&#;2.12 min. These conditions extracted out 15.91&#;18.69% tannins and 16.36&#;22.12% phenols from the studied sample. In a study conducted by Azman et al. [

Ribes nigrum

L.) skins, it was found that acetic buffer solvent resulted in the highest free anthocyanin (.3 mg/100 g), free hydroxycinnamic acid (268 mg/100 g), total phenolic content ( mg GAE/100 g), and DPPH inhibition activity (60.7%) compared to other solvents, i.e., water, methanol and a mixture of methanol and water. The use of acetic acid as a co-solvent with other solvents such as water and ethanol has also been reported to extract the phytochemicals from colored vegetables [

Rhodiola rosea

L. rhizome was in between 0.5&#;1 mm and the extraction was carried out for 154 min at 22 °C and extraction modulus of 40. Razboršek et al. [

Aronia melanocarpa

) and compared the results with those obtained from 80% methanolic extract. The highest total phenols (36.15 mg GAE/g DW) and total flavonoids (4.71 mg rutin/g DW) were obtained for NADES prepared using choline chloride, fructose, and water in the ratios 2:1:1. This was significantly higher than 80% methanol, i.e., 27.11 mg GAE/g DW for total phenols and 3.37 mg rutin/g DW for flavonoids. The application of methyl acetate under pressurized conditions for the extraction of Crambe seed oil has been reported to have higher phytosterol and tocopherol values compared to the Soxhlet method [

Punica granatum

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) peels, walnut (

Juglans regia

) shells, hojasen (

Cassia fistula

) leaves, and moringa (

Moringa oleifera

) leaves using different extraction methods, i.e., maceration, decoction, UAE, and MAE. For maceration, 0.2 g of sample was treated with 10 mL deionized water at a sample-to-solvent ratio of 1:50 at room temperature in a magnetic stirrer for 2 h. For decoction, 0.2 g of sample was treated with 10 mL deionized water at a sample-to-solvent ratio of 1:50 in an oven at 60 °C for 2 h. The UAE was carried out at 25 °C in a sonicated water bath for 60 min using a sample-to-solvent (deionized water) ratio of 1:50. For MAE, deionized water at a sample-to-solvent ratio of 1:50 was used at 550 W and 70 °C for 90 s. Higher polyphenol content was obtained using MAE followed by decoction, UAE, and maceration methods. Total polyphenol yields of 6.4&#;18.92 mg GAE/g, 1.17&#;12.8 mg GAE/g, 2.73&#;15.19 mg GAE/g, and 1.68&#;12.69 mg GAE/g were obtained for pomegranate peel, walnut shell, moringa leaves, and hojasen leaves, respectively. Jovanovic&#; et al. [

Thymus serpyllum

L. using maceration, heat-assisted extraction (HAE), and UAE. Maceration was carried out using ethanol and water solutions containing 30%, 50%, 70%, and 96% ethanol. The particle sizes of the powder used for extraction were 0.3, 0.7, and 1.5 mm, and to perform the extraction, solid-to-solvent ratios of 1:10, 1:20, and 1:30 were used for the extraction times of 5, 15, 30, 60 and 90 min. In HAE, solvent concentrations and sample-to-solvent ratios were the same as that of maceration; however, the extraction was carried out at 80 °C for 5, 15, and 30 min in an incubator shaker. In UAE, solvent type, solid-to-solvent ratio, particle size, and extraction time were similar to those of HAE. The extraction was carried out at 25 °C and 80% amplitude and a 750 W output ultrasonic processor with a 20 kHz converter having a solid titanium probe of 19 mm diameter. The total phenolics extracted using maceration, HAE, and UAE were 19.56 mg GAE/L, 22.60 mg GAE/L, and 24.94 mg GAE/L, respectively. Porto and Natalino [

Vitis vinifera

) seeds. They used 100 g of sample in an SFE pilot plant (SCF100 series 3 PLC-GR-DLMP, Separeco S.R.L, Pinerolo, Italy) equipped with a 1 L extraction vessel, and the extraction was carried out for 13 min at a pressure of 80 bar, a temperature of 40 °C, and a CO2 flow rate of 6 kg/h along with 57%

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of ethanol&#;water (20%

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) mixture as co-solvent. The total polyphenol yield in this extraction was mg GAE/100 g DM. The extraction of phlorotannins from brown algae using NADES is reported by Obluchinskaya et al. [

Maclura pomifera

fruits using two solvents, i.e., methanol and solvent cocktail (distilled water:ethanol:methanol:acetone:dichloromethane&#;1:2.5:2.5:2:2) at two different pressures, i.e., 250 and 500 MPa for 10 min. The highest recovery of the phenolic compounds (913.173 µg GAE/mL) was found at 500 MPa using the solvent cocktail. The yield of total phenolics in HHP extraction was higher than in Soxhlet extraction (316.877 µg GAE/mL). Moreira et al. [

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) ethanol had the highest concentration of individual phenolic compounds and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 20 mg/mL against

Listeria monocytogenes

. The HHP extract was also found to induce less oxidative damage than the control extract.

Pavlić et al. [ 196 ] studied the NADES extraction of polyphenols from dried wild thyme (L.) dust. For the extraction, 0.05 g of sample was mixed with 20 different NADES, each at a sample-to-solvent ratio of 1:20 mL/mL, and the extraction was carried out for 60 min at 50 °C in a water bath placed in a magnetic stirrer hot plate. To further aid the separation of extract from solvent, 4 mL of water was added and centrifuged at rpm for 15 min. The use of L-proline (Pro)&#;glycerin (Gly)&#;water (HO) NADE solvent at a mixture ratio of 1:2:1 with a water content of 5.68% extracted out the highest polyphenols compared to other NADE solvents. The yield of polyphenols was 71.43 mg GAE/g when 1 g of sample was extracted using 28 g Pro-Gly-HO solvent. Popovic et al. [ 197 ] studied the green extraction of polyphenols from sour cherry (L.) pomace using NADES. To perform the extraction, 300 mg of freeze-dried sample was mixed with 4 mL deep eutectic solvent [1:1 M choline chloride (ChCl) as HBA and malic acid, urea, or fructose as HBD] and the extraction was carried out at 50 °C for 45 min with a stirring speed of 650 rpm. The obtained extract had .32 μg/g of total phenols, .93 μg/g of total anthocyanins, 418.00 μg/g of total flavonoids, and 377.39 μg/g of total phenolic acids. Frohlich et al. [ 198 ] optimized UAE for the extraction of phytochemicals from dried leaves of clove () using 99.5% ethanol. It was found in the study that extraction using a solvent-to-sample ratio of 35 mL/g at 70 °C and amplitude of 85% for 25 min gave the highest yield. This resulted in a total extract yield of 14.63%, and the yield of eugenol was 2.94 g/kg of leaves. Domínguez-Rodríguez et al. [ 199 ] studied EAE of non-extractable bioactive polyphenol from sweet cherry (L.) pomace. In this study, 0.38 g of sweet cherry pomace was extracted using 1 mL methanol at different pH (3&#;10), temperature (30&#;70 °C), and enzyme concentrations (1&#;120 μL/g) for 10&#;300 min. The optimized conditions were a pH of 10, a temperature of 70 °C, an enzyme concentration of 2 µL/g, and an extraction time of 18.4 min. The recovery of polyphenols at the optimized conditions was 1.1 mg GAE/g sample. Hwang et al. [ 200 ] studied the PEF extraction of narirutin and hesperidin from driedpeels. For this, 30 g of the sample was immersed in distilled water and was treated at a 5 kW pulse generator, 50 Hz pulse frequency, and 3 kV/cm electric field for 60 and 120 s at room temperature. The total yield of extract was higher in the sample treated for 120 s, and the yields of hesperidin and narirutin were 46.96 mg/100 g and 8.76 mg/100 g of the sample, respectively. Velásquez et al. [ 201 ] designed 10 NADES via lyophilization and used them for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanins from(Molina) A. Gray berry. It was found in the study that the highest recovery of total anthocyanins (3.30 mg/g DW) was obtained for NADESs prepared using lactic acid and glucose in the ratios 8:1, followed by NADESs prepared using choline chloride: glycine (4:6) (3.30 mg/g DW), glycine: glucose (8:1) (3.06 mg/g DW) and tartaric acid: glycine (4:1) (3.03 mg/g). The anthocyanin content of extracts based on NADES was significantly higher than ethanol (1.16 mg/g DW), except for NADESs prepared using tartaric acid: glycine (1:2) (0.81 mg/g DW). Grdiša et al. [ 138 ] studied the extraction efficiency of pyrethrins from dried flower heads of Dalmatian pyrethrum (.) using maceration, UAE, and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD). A sample size of 0.25 g was used in all three extraction methods. Maceration extraction was performed using different solvents, i.e., acetone, ethanol, and ethyl acetate at different volumes, i.e., 5, 7, 9, and 11 mL, at different extraction times, i.e., 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 h, at the stirrer rotational speed of 200, 300, 400, and 500 rpm. UAE was carried out using 5 mL acetone at 50 °C for 60 min at W and 35 kHz. In MSPD, the sample was mixed with 0.50 g of florisil and 0.40 g of NaSO, after which florisil was activated at 160 °C and washed with n-hexane and methanol. It was then treated with solvents such as acetone and ethyl acetate at 1:1 () and extracted using a solid phase extractor. It was found in the study that the highest extraction efficiency of pyrethrin was obtained in maceration (0.62%), followed by MSPD (0.59%) and UAE (0.49%). Sharma et al. [ 202 ] optimized MAE for the extraction of phytochemicals such as phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and tannins from dried fruits of. The optimized conditions for the extraction were sample to water ratio of 1:15, pH of 3.5, microwave power of 360.55 W, and extraction time of 30 s. These extraction conditions resulted in the extraction of 31.19 mg/100 mL of ascorbic acid, 35.14 mg/100 mL of gallic acid, 14.06 mg/100 mL of tannic acid, 50.86 mg/100 mL of chlorogenic acid, 36.96 mg/100 mL of quercetin. Oroian et al. [ 203 ] evaluated the extraction efficiency of flavonoids and polyphenols from crude pollen (collected from a local beekeeper in Suceava County, Romania) using UAE. To perform the extraction, 30 g of pollen sample was mixed with 1 liter of 80% methanol and extraction was carried out at 40.85 °C and 100% amplitude for 14.30 min. The extraction of total phenols and total flavonoids was 366.1 mg GAE/100 g and 592.2 mg QE/g of the sample, respectively. De Queiroz et al. [ 204 ] optimized the MAE for the extraction of phenols and tannins from the dried stem bark ofThe extraction was carried out by adding 0.075 g of sample in 1 mL of water and heating it at 106&#;134 °C for 0.48&#;2.12 min. These conditions extracted out 15.91&#;18.69% tannins and 16.36&#;22.12% phenols from the studied sample. In a study conducted by Azman et al. [ 97 ] on the extraction of free and bound phenolics from dried black currant (L.) skins, it was found that acetic buffer solvent resulted in the highest free anthocyanin (.3 mg/100 g), free hydroxycinnamic acid (268 mg/100 g), total phenolic content ( mg GAE/100 g), and DPPH inhibition activity (60.7%) compared to other solvents, i.e., water, methanol and a mixture of methanol and water. The use of acetic acid as a co-solvent with other solvents such as water and ethanol has also been reported to extract the phytochemicals from colored vegetables [ 205 ]. Jamaludin et al. [ 128 ] optimized the extraction of bioactive compounds from noni fruits using high hydrostatic pressure. This study was carried out in two parts. In the first part, the effect of each extraction parameter (ethanol concentration, pressure, and extraction time) was studied individually on the yield of bioactive compounds (scopoletin, alizarin, and rutin), and in the second part, the combined effect of the extraction parameters was studied on the yield of bioactive compounds using the Box-Behnken Design of RSM. The highest yield of bioactive compounds, i.e., scopoletin (82.4%), alizarin (77.2%), and rutin (82.2%), were found at 544 MPa, with an extraction time of 15 min and ethanol concentration of 65%. The extraction of phenyletanes and phenylpropanoids of Rhodiola rosea L. using NADES was studied by Shikov et al. [ 206 ]. The highest concentration of total phenyletanes and phenylpropanoids (26.10 mg/g) was obtained using NADES prepared using L-lactic acid, fructose, and water in the ratios 5:1:11 mL/mol when the particle size ofL. rhizome was in between 0.5&#;1 mm and the extraction was carried out for 154 min at 22 °C and extraction modulus of 40. Razboršek et al. [ 132 ] performed choline chloride-based UAE NADES extraction of phenolic compounds from chokeberry () and compared the results with those obtained from 80% methanolic extract. The highest total phenols (36.15 mg GAE/g DW) and total flavonoids (4.71 mg rutin/g DW) were obtained for NADES prepared using choline chloride, fructose, and water in the ratios 2:1:1. This was significantly higher than 80% methanol, i.e., 27.11 mg GAE/g DW for total phenols and 3.37 mg rutin/g DW for flavonoids. The application of methyl acetate under pressurized conditions for the extraction of Crambe seed oil has been reported to have higher phytosterol and tocopherol values compared to the Soxhlet method [ 207 ] Castro-López et al. [ 208 ] studied polyphenol extraction from pomegranate () peels, walnut () shells, hojasen () leaves, and moringa () leaves using different extraction methods, i.e., maceration, decoction, UAE, and MAE. For maceration, 0.2 g of sample was treated with 10 mL deionized water at a sample-to-solvent ratio of 1:50 at room temperature in a magnetic stirrer for 2 h. For decoction, 0.2 g of sample was treated with 10 mL deionized water at a sample-to-solvent ratio of 1:50 in an oven at 60 °C for 2 h. The UAE was carried out at 25 °C in a sonicated water bath for 60 min using a sample-to-solvent (deionized water) ratio of 1:50. For MAE, deionized water at a sample-to-solvent ratio of 1:50 was used at 550 W and 70 °C for 90 s. Higher polyphenol content was obtained using MAE followed by decoction, UAE, and maceration methods. Total polyphenol yields of 6.4&#;18.92 mg GAE/g, 1.17&#;12.8 mg GAE/g, 2.73&#;15.19 mg GAE/g, and 1.68&#;12.69 mg GAE/g were obtained for pomegranate peel, walnut shell, moringa leaves, and hojasen leaves, respectively. Jovanovic&#; et al. [ 209 ] extracted polyphenols from the air-dried aerial part ofL. using maceration, heat-assisted extraction (HAE), and UAE. Maceration was carried out using ethanol and water solutions containing 30%, 50%, 70%, and 96% ethanol. The particle sizes of the powder used for extraction were 0.3, 0.7, and 1.5 mm, and to perform the extraction, solid-to-solvent ratios of 1:10, 1:20, and 1:30 were used for the extraction times of 5, 15, 30, 60 and 90 min. In HAE, solvent concentrations and sample-to-solvent ratios were the same as that of maceration; however, the extraction was carried out at 80 °C for 5, 15, and 30 min in an incubator shaker. In UAE, solvent type, solid-to-solvent ratio, particle size, and extraction time were similar to those of HAE. The extraction was carried out at 25 °C and 80% amplitude and a 750 W output ultrasonic processor with a 20 kHz converter having a solid titanium probe of 19 mm diameter. The total phenolics extracted using maceration, HAE, and UAE were 19.56 mg GAE/L, 22.60 mg GAE/L, and 24.94 mg GAE/L, respectively. Porto and Natalino [ 210 ] studied the SFE of polyphenols from dried white grape Marc () seeds. They used 100 g of sample in an SFE pilot plant (SCF100 series 3 PLC-GR-DLMP, Separeco S.R.L, Pinerolo, Italy) equipped with a 1 L extraction vessel, and the extraction was carried out for 13 min at a pressure of 80 bar, a temperature of 40 °C, and a COflow rate of 6 kg/h along with 57%of ethanol&#;water (20%) mixture as co-solvent. The total polyphenol yield in this extraction was mg GAE/100 g DM. The extraction of phlorotannins from brown algae using NADES is reported by Obluchinskaya et al. [ 211 ]. The study reported that the use of aqueous NADES solutions (50&#;70%) based on choline chloride with added lactic or malic acid and betaine and malic acid gave a 6&#;72% yield of phlorotannins. Sharif and Bennet [ 212 ] compared maceration and reflux methods for the extraction of polyphenols from freeze-dried ginger rhizomes using various solvents viz. ethanol, methanol, and acetone. For maceration, 10 g of sample was used with 300 mL of solvent and placed in an orbital shaker for 8 h. In the reflux extraction, a 2.5 g sample was extracted with 50 mL solvent at 90 °C for 30 min. The total phenol contents obtained using ethanol for the maceration and reflux extraction were 263 and 205.4 mg/100 g GAE, respectively. In the case of acetone, the total phenols yield was 216 mg/100 g GAE for maceration and 184 mg/100 g GAE for reflux extraction, while when using methanol it was 148 mg/100 g GAE for maceration and 95 mg/100 g GAE for reflux. This shows the lower extraction efficiency of reflux extraction compared to maceration. Altuner et al. [ 180 ] studied the HPP extraction of phenolic compounds fromfruits using two solvents, i.e., methanol and solvent cocktail (distilled water:ethanol:methanol:acetone:dichloromethane&#;1:2.5:2.5:2:2) at two different pressures, i.e., 250 and 500 MPa for 10 min. The highest recovery of the phenolic compounds (913.173 µg GAE/mL) was found at 500 MPa using the solvent cocktail. The yield of total phenolics in HHP extraction was higher than in Soxhlet extraction (316.877 µg GAE/mL). Moreira et al. [ 129 ] studied the effect of HHP on biological activities and phenolics composition of winter savory leaf extracts and reported that the extract obtained at 348 MPa using 35% () ethanol had the highest concentration of individual phenolic compounds and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 20 mg/mL against. The HHP extract was also found to induce less oxidative damage than the control extract.

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