Dec. 16, 2024
The cable is a physical media, through which an analog and digital data transfer take place.
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While selecting the cable, a type of data transfer, purpose, advantages, and disadvantages taken into consideration.
Types of CablesCables are classified as
Twisted pair cables consist of color-coded pairs of insulated copper wires, one wire carries the signal, and the other is used for ground reference. Every two wires are twisted around each other to form pairs that are encased in a plastic sheath each wire with a diameter of 0.4 mm to 0.8 mm.
The number of pairs varies depending on the cable type. More twists per foot in a pair of wires, less the cross talk.
The significance of twisting is it reduces or nullifies the interference such as noise or cross talk caused due to radiofrequency of electromagnetic interference.
By twisting the wires, the effect of noise or disturbance is the same on both wires. Since the receiver takes only the difference between the two wires the effective noise is canceled.
Twisted pair cables are two types.
Shielded Twisted Pair cable (STP)
As the name implies, Shielded twisted pair cable adds a conductive layer (typically a metal foil or a mesh) surrounding either each pair or entire cable.
Shield on twisted pair allows a higher transmission rate.
Un Shielded Twisted Pair cable (UTP)
Unshielded twisted pair cable uses no additional shielding like mesh or aluminum foil which adds bulk are used.
There are different types of unshielded twisted pair cable, all support different bandwidths.
Category 1: Is used for a line that has a low-speed data rate.
Category 2: It can support up to 4 Mbps.
Category 3: It can support up to 16 Mbps.
Category 4: It can support up to 20 Mbps.
Category 5: It can support up to 200 Mbps.
Untwisted pair cable is used for voice, low speed, and high-speed data and audio support systems.
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cables are also called coax (short form).
Coaxial cable is a type of cable with multiple layers.
Coaxial cables have an inner conductor is called the core, which carries the radio frequency signal. The core wire may be a single solid conductor or multi strands of twisted cable. It is surrounded by a dielectric insulator.
The dielectric insulator separates the inner conductor and outer copper braided mesh. The dielectric insulator is covered by copper mesh (foil or braided conductor). The dielectric insulator may be polyethylene foam or PTFE which minimizes ohmic losses arising from contact with the conductors. Outer jacket is to protect the cable from environmental and mechanical damages. A common choice is PVC.
Both inner conductor and braided wire mesh conductor is in the cable share a common central axial, hence the term coaxial. Coaxial cables are rated in ohms for their impedance. Common impedances are 50 ohms, 75 ohms, 95 ohms.
There are many types of coaxial cable connectors.
Four are common. BNC, SMA, N, F types. Coaxial cables are categorized based on the type of signal transmission. One is Baseband and the other is Broadband cable.
It is a 50 ohms resistance cable that is capable of digital transmission. Used in short distances for optimum performance.
It is a 75 ohms resistance cable used for analog data transmission. It is used up to 100 km.
Based on Radio Gauge (RG) standards, there are two types of Coaxial cables:
Thicknet: RG 8, RG 9, RG 11 coaxial cable is also known as Thick Ethernet or 10Base5 systems. 10 means, it is 10 Mbps speed and 5 refers to 500 meters distance between nodes or repeaters. Where Base indicates that the transmission type is a &#;Baseband transmission&#;
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Thicknet cabling uses heavier gauge coaxial cable than Thinnet.
Thinnet: RG 58 Coaxial cable is used 10Base2 systems. 10 means 10mbps speed and 2 refers to 200 meters distance between nodes or repeaters.
Optical Fiber Cable
It also is known as fiber optic cable consists of strands of one or more fibers inside the casing and its assembly is similar to electrical cable.
Optical fiber has three parts
It is the inner layer is called the core, with refractive index n1. Light is guided in this part. The core will have a higher refractive index than cladding.
which surrounds the core, with refractive index n2. Whose refractive index is less than the core? The purpose of cladding is to keep the light reflections in core instead of being reflections.
Which is an outer layer for protecting the cable from damages.
There are two types of optical fibers, glass, and plastic. Plastic fiber is used for short communication. Optical fiber transfers data at the speed of light in the glass.
Optical fiber cable uses light pulses instead of electrical pulses to transmit data. The potential hazard of Infrared red light used in telecommunications cannot be seen by the naked eye.
Optical fiber cable comes in single-mode or multimode connections.
The single-mode allows only one mode of light to transmit at a time through the core, which makes for higher bandwidth.
Single-mode fiber optic, the number of light reflections in the core is less resulting in low attenuation and allowing data to travel further, faster. Single-mode provides the lowest losses in communication.
Multimode connections have a larger core diameter. It allows multiple wavelengths of light transmitted in multiple paths at once.
Multimode connections are used over shorter distances as signal attenuation will be more, the data transfer rate is slow as a number of reflections in the core are more.
Source: Data Communication and computer networks by ISRD group, a McGraw-Hill edition.
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This article today focuses on XLPE cable advantages and disadvantages.
In power lines, the proportion of cables is gradually increasing.
Power cables are cable products used to transmit and distribute high-power electrical energy in the backbone of power systems, including various voltage levels of 1-500KV and above, and various insulated power cables.
Power cables are cables used to transmit and distribute electrical energy.
Power cables are commonly used in urban underground power grids, power station outlet lines, internal power supply for industrial and mining enterprises, and power lines under river water.
The followings are the advantages and disadvantages of cables.
1 Due to the influence of external factors (such as lightning, wind damage, bird damage, etc.), its power supply reliability is high.
2 The power cable is buried underground, and the project is concealed, so it has little impact on the city's appearance environment.
Even if an accident occurs, it will generally not affect personal safety.
3 The cable capacitance is large, which can improve the line power factor.
1 High cost, large investment in one-time construction, and investment in cable lines are about 10 times that of overhead lines of the same voltage level.
2 It is difficult to branch the line.
3 The fault point is difficult to find, and it is inconvenient to deal with the accident in time.
4 The construction process of cable joints is complicated.
If you want to learn more, please visit our website Shielded and Unshielded Power Cables?.
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